Tissue Layers Evolve
Cnidaria and comb jellies have two tissue layers derived from the germ layers ectoderm and endoderm. They are radially symmetrical.
Cnidaria have a sac body plan. They exist as either polyps or medusae, or they can alternate between the two. Hydras and
relatives—sea anemones and corals—are polyps; in jellyfishes the medusan stage is dominant. In Hydra and other cnidaria, an outer epidermis is separated from an inner gastrodermis by mesoglea.
They possess tentacles to capture prey and nematocysts to stun it. A nerve net coordinates movements. Digestion of prey begins in the gastrovascular cavity and is finished within gastrodermal cells.
quinta-feira, 29 de junho de 2017
Multicellularity Evolves
Multicellularity Evolves
Sponges may have evolved separately from other animals, since they have features that set them apart. They have the cellular level of organization and lack tissues and symmetry. Sponges are sessile and depend on a flow of water through the body to acquire food, which is digested in vacuoles within collar cells that line a central cavity.
Sponges may have evolved separately from other animals, since they have features that set them apart. They have the cellular level of organization and lack tissues and symmetry. Sponges are sessile and depend on a flow of water through the body to acquire food, which is digested in vacuoles within collar cells that line a central cavity.
How Animals Evolved and Are Classified
How Animals Evolved and Are Classified
Animals are multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and in- gest their food. They have the diplontic life cycle. Typically, they have the power of motion by means of contracting fibers.
It's possible to construct a phylogenetic tree for animals, but this is largely based on a study of today's forms. Type of symmetry,
number of tissue layers, type of coelom, and presence or absence of segmentation are criteria that are used in classification.
Animals are multicellular organisms that are heterotrophic and in- gest their food. They have the diplontic life cycle. Typically, they have the power of motion by means of contracting fibers.
It's possible to construct a phylogenetic tree for animals, but this is largely based on a study of today's forms. Type of symmetry,
number of tissue layers, type of coelom, and presence or absence of segmentation are criteria that are used in classification.
Angiosperms Have Covered Seeds
Angiosperms Have Covered Seeds
Angiosperms (seed plants that bear seeds protected by a fruit) are more diverse than the other types of plants. Their success may be associated with climatic changes in the Cenozoic era.
In a flower, the microsporangia develop within the anther portion of a stamen, and the megasporangia develop within ovules located in the ovary of the pistil. Pollination brings the mature microgametophyte (pollen grain) to the pistil, and the pollen tube brings the sperm to the ovule within the ovary. Angiosperms exhibit double fertilization: one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other unites with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, which is food for the
embryo. The ovule develops into the seed, and the ovary becomes the fruit.
Angiosperms have complex vascular tissue and are found in various habitats. Their reproductive organs are found in flowers. Animal pollination increases the chance of appropriate fertilization, and fruit production often assists the dispersal of seeds.
Angiosperms (seed plants that bear seeds protected by a fruit) are more diverse than the other types of plants. Their success may be associated with climatic changes in the Cenozoic era.
In a flower, the microsporangia develop within the anther portion of a stamen, and the megasporangia develop within ovules located in the ovary of the pistil. Pollination brings the mature microgametophyte (pollen grain) to the pistil, and the pollen tube brings the sperm to the ovule within the ovary. Angiosperms exhibit double fertilization: one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other unites with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, which is food for the
embryo. The ovule develops into the seed, and the ovary becomes the fruit.
Angiosperms have complex vascular tissue and are found in various habitats. Their reproductive organs are found in flowers. Animal pollination increases the chance of appropriate fertilization, and fruit production often assists the dispersal of seeds.
Gymnosperms Have Naked Seeds
Gymnosperms Have Naked Seeds
There are four divisions of gymnosperms (seed plants that bear naked seeds): the familiar conifers and the little-known cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. In conifers, pollen (male) and seed (fe- male) cones are produced by the sporophyte plant. On the underside of a pollen cone scale, there are two microsporangia that produce microspores; each becomes a microgametophyte, or pollen grain. On the upper surface of a seed cone scale, there are two ovules, where meiosis produces one megaspore that develops into the megagametophyte. After windblown pollination, the pollen grain develops a tube through which sperm reach the egg. After fertiliza- tion, the ovule matures to be the seed.
There are four divisions of gymnosperms (seed plants that bear naked seeds): the familiar conifers and the little-known cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. In conifers, pollen (male) and seed (fe- male) cones are produced by the sporophyte plant. On the underside of a pollen cone scale, there are two microsporangia that produce microspores; each becomes a microgametophyte, or pollen grain. On the upper surface of a seed cone scale, there are two ovules, where meiosis produces one megaspore that develops into the megagametophyte. After windblown pollination, the pollen grain develops a tube through which sperm reach the egg. After fertiliza- tion, the ovule matures to be the seed.
Vascular Plants Include Seedless and Seed Plants
Vascular Plants Include Seedless and Seed Plants
Vascular plants arose during the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era. The extinct rhyniophytes may be ancestral vascular plants. These plants had photosynthetic stems (no leaves or roots) with sporangia
at theirtips. Most likely, the life cycle was similarto today's ferns. The sporophyte, which is diploid and has vascular tissue, is the dominant generation in ferns. The separate gametophyte produces flagellated
sperm. The sporophyte of seed plants produces heterospores which develop into heterogametes. Every aspect of the life cycle is adapted to a dry environment.
Vascular plants arose during the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era. The extinct rhyniophytes may be ancestral vascular plants. These plants had photosynthetic stems (no leaves or roots) with sporangia
at theirtips. Most likely, the life cycle was similarto today's ferns. The sporophyte, which is diploid and has vascular tissue, is the dominant generation in ferns. The separate gametophyte produces flagellated
sperm. The sporophyte of seed plants produces heterospores which develop into heterogametes. Every aspect of the life cycle is adapted to a dry environment.
Nonvascular Plants Are Diverse
Nonvascular Plants Are Diverse
The nonvascular plants, which include the liverworts and mosses, are nonvascular plants and therefore lack true roots, stems, and leaves. In the moss life cycle, the gametophyte is dominant. Antheridia produce swimming sperm that need external water to reach the eggs in the archegonia. Following fertilization, the dependent sporophyte consists of a foot, a stalk, and a capsule within which wind-
blown spores are produced by meiosis. Each spore germinates to produce a gametophyte.
The nonvascular plants, which include the liverworts and mosses, are nonvascular plants and therefore lack true roots, stems, and leaves. In the moss life cycle, the gametophyte is dominant. Antheridia produce swimming sperm that need external water to reach the eggs in the archegonia. Following fertilization, the dependent sporophyte consists of a foot, a stalk, and a capsule within which wind-
blown spores are produced by meiosis. Each spore germinates to produce a gametophyte.
What Is a Plant?
What Is a Plant?
Plants are photosynthetic organisms adapted to a land existence. Among the various adaptations, all plants protect the developing embryo from desiccation. All plants have the alternation of generations life cycle. Some types of plants have a dominant gametophyte; others have a dominant sporophyte.
Plants are photosynthetic organisms adapted to a land existence. Among the various adaptations, all plants protect the developing embryo from desiccation. All plants have the alternation of generations life cycle. Some types of plants have a dominant gametophyte; others have a dominant sporophyte.
Fungi Form Symbiotic Relationships
Fungi Form Symbiotic Relationships
Lichens are an association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or a green alga. Traditionally, this association was considered to be mutualistic, but experimentation suggests a controlled parasitism by the fungus on the alga. Lichens may live in extreme environments and on bare rocks; they allow other organisms that will eventually form soil to establish. They are important in primary succession.
The term mycorrhizae refers to an association between a fun- gus and the roots of a plant. The fungus helps the plant absorb minerals, and the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates.
Lichens are an association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or a green alga. Traditionally, this association was considered to be mutualistic, but experimentation suggests a controlled parasitism by the fungus on the alga. Lichens may live in extreme environments and on bare rocks; they allow other organisms that will eventually form soil to establish. They are important in primary succession.
The term mycorrhizae refers to an association between a fun- gus and the roots of a plant. The fungus helps the plant absorb minerals, and the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates.
How Fungi Are Classified
How Fungi Are Classified
There are four divisions of fungi: division Zygomycota (zygospore fungi), division Ascomycota (sac fungi), division Basidiomycota (club fungi), and division Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi).
The zygospore fungi are nonseptate, and during sexual reproduction they have a dormant stage consisting of a thick-walled zy- gospore. When the zygospore germinates, sporangia produce
windblown spores. Asexual reproduction occurs when nutrients are plentiful and again sporangia produce spores.
The sac fungi are septate, and during sexual reproduction sac-like cells called asci produce spores. Asci are located in fruiting
bodies called ascocarps. Asexual reproduction, which is dependent
on the production of conidiospores, is more common.
The club fungi are septate, and during sexual reproduction club-shaped structures called basidia produce spores. Basidia are lo- cated in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. Club fungi have a prolonged dikaryotic stage, and asexual reproduction by conidiospores is rare. A dikaryotic mycelium periodically produces
fruiting bodies.
The imperfect fungi always reproduce asexually by conidiospores; they have not been observed to reproduce sexually.
Therefore, they cannot be placed in one of the other divisions. Several imperfect fungi are of interest; for example, Penicillium is the source of penicillin, and Candida causes yeast infections.
There are four divisions of fungi: division Zygomycota (zygospore fungi), division Ascomycota (sac fungi), division Basidiomycota (club fungi), and division Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi).
The zygospore fungi are nonseptate, and during sexual reproduction they have a dormant stage consisting of a thick-walled zy- gospore. When the zygospore germinates, sporangia produce
windblown spores. Asexual reproduction occurs when nutrients are plentiful and again sporangia produce spores.
The sac fungi are septate, and during sexual reproduction sac-like cells called asci produce spores. Asci are located in fruiting
bodies called ascocarps. Asexual reproduction, which is dependent
on the production of conidiospores, is more common.
The club fungi are septate, and during sexual reproduction club-shaped structures called basidia produce spores. Basidia are lo- cated in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. Club fungi have a prolonged dikaryotic stage, and asexual reproduction by conidiospores is rare. A dikaryotic mycelium periodically produces
fruiting bodies.
The imperfect fungi always reproduce asexually by conidiospores; they have not been observed to reproduce sexually.
Therefore, they cannot be placed in one of the other divisions. Several imperfect fungi are of interest; for example, Penicillium is the source of penicillin, and Candida causes yeast infections.
What Fungi Are Like
What Fungi Are Like
Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes that are heterotrophic by absorption. After external digestion, they absorb the resulting nutri- ent molecules. Most fungi act as saprotrophic decomposers that aid the cycling of chemicals in ecosystems. Some fungi are parasitic, especially on plants, and others are symbiotic with plant roots and algae.
The body of a fungus is composed of thin filaments called hyphae, which collectively are termed a mycelium. The cell wall
contains chitin, and the energy reserve is glycogen. Fungi do not have flagella at any stage in their life cycle. Nonseptate hyphae have no cross walls; septate hyphae have cross walls, but there are pores that allow the cytoplasm and even organelles to pass through.
Fungi produce nonmotile and often windblown spores during both asexual and sexual reproduction. During sexual reproduction hyphae tips fuse so that dikaryotic (n + n) hyphae sometimes result,
depending on the type of fungus. Following nuclear fusion, zygotic meiosis occurs during the production of the sexual spores.
Fungi are multicellular eukaryotes that are heterotrophic by absorption. After external digestion, they absorb the resulting nutri- ent molecules. Most fungi act as saprotrophic decomposers that aid the cycling of chemicals in ecosystems. Some fungi are parasitic, especially on plants, and others are symbiotic with plant roots and algae.
The body of a fungus is composed of thin filaments called hyphae, which collectively are termed a mycelium. The cell wall
contains chitin, and the energy reserve is glycogen. Fungi do not have flagella at any stage in their life cycle. Nonseptate hyphae have no cross walls; septate hyphae have cross walls, but there are pores that allow the cytoplasm and even organelles to pass through.
Fungi produce nonmotile and often windblown spores during both asexual and sexual reproduction. During sexual reproduction hyphae tips fuse so that dikaryotic (n + n) hyphae sometimes result,
depending on the type of fungus. Following nuclear fusion, zygotic meiosis occurs during the production of the sexual spores.
Mapping the Human Chromosomes
Mapping the Human Chromosomes
The Human Genome Project utilizes base pairing between a probe and a chromosome to find the location of genes. Genetic marker data help assign genes to chromosomes. There are laboratory procedures to develop a physical map; that is, the sequence of DNA base pairs in the human genome. These data will be used to locate disease-causing genes.
The Human Genome Project utilizes base pairing between a probe and a chromosome to find the location of genes. Genetic marker data help assign genes to chromosomes. There are laboratory procedures to develop a physical map; that is, the sequence of DNA base pairs in the human genome. These data will be used to locate disease-causing genes.
Gene Therapy Is a Reality
Gene Therapy Is a Reality
Human gene therapy is undergoing clinical trials. Ex vivo therapy involves withdrawing cells from the patient, inserting a functioning gene, usually a retrovirus, and then returning the treated cells to the patient. Many investigators are trying to develop in vivo therapy, in which viruses, laboratory-grown cells, or synthetic carriers will be used to carry healthy genes directly into the patient.
Human gene therapy is undergoing clinical trials. Ex vivo therapy involves withdrawing cells from the patient, inserting a functioning gene, usually a retrovirus, and then returning the treated cells to the patient. Many investigators are trying to develop in vivo therapy, in which viruses, laboratory-grown cells, or synthetic carriers will be used to carry healthy genes directly into the patient.
Making Transgenic Organisms
Making Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic organisms have also been made. Bacteria have been produced to promote the health of plants, perform bioremediation, extract minerals, and produce chemicals.
Plant cells, genetically engineered while they are protoplasts in tissue culture, grow to be transgenic plants.
Transgenic plants have been produced that have a natural re- sistance to herbicides and pests. In the future, plants may have an
ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, an increased ability to grow in arid and salty soils, and greater nutritional value.
Genetic engineering of animals has made much progress. Many firms are interested in gene pharming, the use of genetically engineered animals to produce pharmaceuticals in milk.
Transgenic organisms have also been made. Bacteria have been produced to promote the health of plants, perform bioremediation, extract minerals, and produce chemicals.
Plant cells, genetically engineered while they are protoplasts in tissue culture, grow to be transgenic plants.
Transgenic plants have been produced that have a natural re- sistance to herbicides and pests. In the future, plants may have an
ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, an increased ability to grow in arid and salty soils, and greater nutritional value.
Genetic engineering of animals has made much progress. Many firms are interested in gene pharming, the use of genetically engineered animals to produce pharmaceuticals in milk.
Biotechnology Products Are Many
Biotechnology Products Are Many
Genetically engineered bacteria produce many products of interest to humans, such as hormones and vaccines.
Genetically engineered bacteria produce many products of interest to humans, such as hormones and vaccines.
Cloning of a Gene
Cloning of a Gene
To clone a gene (assuming that a plasmid is to be the vector), a restriction enzyme is used to cleave plasmid DNA and to cleave
foreign DNA. The "sticky ends" produced facilitate the insertion of foreign DNA into vector DNA. The foreign gene is sealed into the vector DNA by DNA ligase.
A genomic library can be used as a source of genes to be cloned. A radioactive or fluorescent probe is used to identify the
location of a single gene among the cloned fragments of an organism's DNA. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses the
enzyme DNA polymerase to carry out multiple replications of tar- get DNA.
DNA can be subjected to DNA fingerprinting. After the DNA of an organism is treated with restriction enzymes, the fragments are subjected to gel electrophoresis. If the entire genome is used for fingerprinting, the use of probes results in a distinctive pattern that can be recorded on X-ray film. If DNA fingerprinting follows PCR, no probes are needed because of the limited amount of DNA involved. PCR plus analysis, which may even involve sequencing the bases of a DNA segment, has proved to be invaluable.
To clone a gene (assuming that a plasmid is to be the vector), a restriction enzyme is used to cleave plasmid DNA and to cleave
foreign DNA. The "sticky ends" produced facilitate the insertion of foreign DNA into vector DNA. The foreign gene is sealed into the vector DNA by DNA ligase.
A genomic library can be used as a source of genes to be cloned. A radioactive or fluorescent probe is used to identify the
location of a single gene among the cloned fragments of an organism's DNA. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) uses the
enzyme DNA polymerase to carry out multiple replications of tar- get DNA.
DNA can be subjected to DNA fingerprinting. After the DNA of an organism is treated with restriction enzymes, the fragments are subjected to gel electrophoresis. If the entire genome is used for fingerprinting, the use of probes results in a distinctive pattern that can be recorded on X-ray film. If DNA fingerprinting follows PCR, no probes are needed because of the limited amount of DNA involved. PCR plus analysis, which may even involve sequencing the bases of a DNA segment, has proved to be invaluable.
The Right Diet 7
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
7. Be moderate in the consumption of alcohol. People who drink and smoke are at an unusually high risk for cancers of the mouth, larynx, and esophagus.
7. Be moderate in the consumption of alcohol. People who drink and smoke are at an unusually high risk for cancers of the mouth, larynx, and esophagus.
The Right Diet 6
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
6. Include vegetables from the cabbage family in the diet. The cabbage family includes cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, and cauliflower. These vegetables may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract cancers.
6. Include vegetables from the cabbage family in the diet. The cabbage family includes cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, and cauliflower. These vegetables may reduce the risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract cancers.
The Right Diet 5
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
5. Cut down on consumption of salt- cured, smoked, or nitrite-cured foods. Salt-cured or pickled foods may increase the risk of stomach and esophageal cancer. Smoked
foods like ham and sausage contain chemical carcinogens similar to those in tobacco smoke. Nitrites are sometimes added to processed meats (e.g., hot dogs and cold cuts) and other foods to protect them
from spoilage; as mentioned previously, nitrites are converted to nitrosamines in the digestive tract.
5. Cut down on consumption of salt- cured, smoked, or nitrite-cured foods. Salt-cured or pickled foods may increase the risk of stomach and esophageal cancer. Smoked
foods like ham and sausage contain chemical carcinogens similar to those in tobacco smoke. Nitrites are sometimes added to processed meats (e.g., hot dogs and cold cuts) and other foods to protect them
from spoilage; as mentioned previously, nitrites are converted to nitrosamines in the digestive tract.
The Right Diet 4
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
4. Increase consumption of foods that are rich in vitamins A and C. Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, is found in dark green leafy vegetables, carrots, and various
fruits. Vitamin C is present in citrus fruits. These vitamins are called antioxidants because in cells they prevent the formation of free radicals (organic ions that have an
unpaired electron) that can possibly
damage DNA. Vitamin C also prevents the conversion of nitrates and nitrites into carcinogenic nitrosamines in the digestive tract.
4. Increase consumption of foods that are rich in vitamins A and C. Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, is found in dark green leafy vegetables, carrots, and various
fruits. Vitamin C is present in citrus fruits. These vitamins are called antioxidants because in cells they prevent the formation of free radicals (organic ions that have an
unpaired electron) that can possibly
damage DNA. Vitamin C also prevents the conversion of nitrates and nitrites into carcinogenic nitrosamines in the digestive tract.
The Right Diet 3
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
3. Eat plenty of high-fiber foods.
These include whole-grain cereals,
fruits, and vegetables. Studies have
indicated that a high-fiber diet protects against colon cancer, a frequent cause of cancer deaths. It is worth noting that foods high in fiber also tend to be low in fat!
3. Eat plenty of high-fiber foods.
These include whole-grain cereals,
fruits, and vegetables. Studies have
indicated that a high-fiber diet protects against colon cancer, a frequent cause of cancer deaths. It is worth noting that foods high in fiber also tend to be low in fat!
The Right Diet 2
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
2. Lower total fat intake. A high-fat intake has been linked to development of colon, prostate, and possibly breast cancers.
2. Lower total fat intake. A high-fat intake has been linked to development of colon, prostate, and possibly breast cancers.
The Right Diet 1
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
1. Avoid obesity. The risk of cancer (especially colon, breast, and uterine cancers) is 55% greater among obese women and 33% greater among obese men, compared to people of normal weight.
1. Avoid obesity. The risk of cancer (especially colon, breast, and uterine cancers) is 55% greater among obese women and 33% greater among obese men, compared to people of normal weight.
Morning thoughts
"The courage to be is the courage to accept oneself, in spite of
being unacceptable." --Paul Tillich
quarta-feira, 28 de junho de 2017
The Right Diet
Statistical studies have suggested that persons who follow certain dietary guidelines are less likely to have cancer. The following dietary guidelines greatly reduce your risk of developing cancer:
Prevention of Cancer
Be Aware of Hormone Therapy
Estrogen therapy to control menopausal symptoms increases the risk of endometrial cancer. However, including progesterone in estrogen replacement therapy helps to minimize this risk.
Estrogen therapy to control menopausal symptoms increases the risk of endometrial cancer. However, including progesterone in estrogen replacement therapy helps to minimize this risk.
Prevention of Cancer
Be Aware of Occupational Hazards
Exposure to several different industrial agents (nickel, chromate, asbestos, vinyl chloride, etc.) or radiation increases the risk of various cancers. Risk from asbestos is greatly increased when combined with cigarette smoking.
Exposure to several different industrial agents (nickel, chromate, asbestos, vinyl chloride, etc.) or radiation increases the risk of various cancers. Risk from asbestos is greatly increased when combined with cigarette smoking.
Prevention of Cancer
Be Tested for Cancer
Learn the appropriate way to check yourself for breast cancer or testicular cancer. Have other exams done regularly by a physician.
Learn the appropriate way to check yourself for breast cancer or testicular cancer. Have other exams done regularly by a physician.
Prevention of Cancer
Avoid Radiation
Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation can increase cancer risk. Even though most medical and dental X rays are adjusted to deliver the lowest dose possible, unnecessary X rays should be avoided. Excessive radon exposure in homes increases the risk of lung cancer, especially in cigarette smokers. It is best to test your home and take the proper remedial actions.
Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation can increase cancer risk. Even though most medical and dental X rays are adjusted to deliver the lowest dose possible, unnecessary X rays should be avoided. Excessive radon exposure in homes increases the risk of lung cancer, especially in cigarette smokers. It is best to test your home and take the proper remedial actions.
Prevention of Cancer
Avoid Alcohol
Cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, and liver occur more frequently among heavy drinkers, especially when accompanied by tobacco use (cigarettes or chewing tobacco).
Cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, larynx, and liver occur more frequently among heavy drinkers, especially when accompanied by tobacco use (cigarettes or chewing tobacco).
Prevention of Cancer
Don't Sunbathe
Almost all cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancers are considered to be sun related. Further, sun exposure is a major factor in the development of melanoma, and the incidence of this cancer increases for those living near the equator.
Almost all cases of basal and squamous cell skin cancers are considered to be sun related. Further, sun exposure is a major factor in the development of melanoma, and the incidence of this cancer increases for those living near the equator.
Prevention of Cancer
Don't Smoke
Cigarette smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer cases among men and 79% among women—about 87% altogether.
Those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day have lung cancer mortality rates 15 to 25 times greater than nonsmokers.
Smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.
Cigarette smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer cases among men and 79% among women—about 87% altogether.
Those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day have lung cancer mortality rates 15 to 25 times greater than nonsmokers.
Smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.
Causes of cancer
Specific mutations cause cancer. Carcinogens (e.g., tobacco smoke), heredity, and immunodeficiency all play a role in the development of cancer.
Cancer and immunodeficiencies
Immunodeficiencies
Cancer is apt to develop in individuals who exhibit an immunodeficiency. For example, cervical cancer develops in women and Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer of the blood ves-
sels, develops in many persons with AIDS. Transplant patients who are on immunosuppressive drugs are more apt to develop lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.
It appears, then, that an active immune system can help protect us from cancer. Mutated cells may display antigens that normally subject them to attack by T lym-
phocytes and possibly also antibodies. Cancer is seen more often among the elderly, perhaps because the immune system weakens as we age.
Cancer is apt to develop in individuals who exhibit an immunodeficiency. For example, cervical cancer develops in women and Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer of the blood ves-
sels, develops in many persons with AIDS. Transplant patients who are on immunosuppressive drugs are more apt to develop lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma.
It appears, then, that an active immune system can help protect us from cancer. Mutated cells may display antigens that normally subject them to attack by T lym-
phocytes and possibly also antibodies. Cancer is seen more often among the elderly, perhaps because the immune system weakens as we age.
Cancer and heredity
Heredity
Particular types of cancer seem to run in families. The risk of developing breast, lung, and colon cancers increases two-to threefold when first-degree relatives have had these cancers. Investigators have pinpointed the location of a gene called BRCA1, that was found by studying families whose female members are prone to breast cancer.
Particular types of cancer seem to run in families. The risk of developing breast, lung, and colon cancers increases two-to threefold when first-degree relatives have had these cancers. Investigators have pinpointed the location of a gene called BRCA1, that was found by studying families whose female members are prone to breast cancer.
Morning thoughts
"Once we believe in ourselves, we can risk curiosity, wonder,
spontaneous delight, or any experience that reveals the human spirit."
--E.E. Cummings
terça-feira, 27 de junho de 2017
Prevention of cancer
Don't Smoke
Cigarette smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer cases among men and 79% among women—about 87% altogether.
Those who smoke two or more
packs of cigarettes a day have lung cancer mortality rates 15 to 25 times greater than nonsmokers.
Smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.
Cigarette smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer cases among men and 79% among women—about 87% altogether.
Those who smoke two or more
packs of cigarettes a day have lung cancer mortality rates 15 to 25 times greater than nonsmokers.
Smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus.
What Genes Do
What Genes Do
Several investigators contributed to our knowledge of what genes do. Garrod is associated with the phrase "inborn error of metabolism" because he suggested that some of his patients had inherited an inability to carry out certain enzymatic reactions. Beadle and Tatum X-rayed spores of Neurospora crassa and found that some of the subsequent cultures lacked a particular enzyme needed for growth on minimal medium. Since they found that the mutation of one gene results in the lack of a single enzyme, they suggested the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
Pauling and Itano found that the chemical properties of the (3 (beta) chain of sickle-cell hemoglobin differ from those of normal
hemoglobin, and therefore the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis was formulated instead. Later, Ingram showed that the bio- chemical change is due to the substitution of the amino acid valine (nonpolar) for glutamate (polar).
Several investigators contributed to our knowledge of what genes do. Garrod is associated with the phrase "inborn error of metabolism" because he suggested that some of his patients had inherited an inability to carry out certain enzymatic reactions. Beadle and Tatum X-rayed spores of Neurospora crassa and found that some of the subsequent cultures lacked a particular enzyme needed for growth on minimal medium. Since they found that the mutation of one gene results in the lack of a single enzyme, they suggested the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
Pauling and Itano found that the chemical properties of the (3 (beta) chain of sickle-cell hemoglobin differ from those of normal
hemoglobin, and therefore the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis was formulated instead. Later, Ingram showed that the bio- chemical change is due to the substitution of the amino acid valine (nonpolar) for glutamate (polar).
Sex Chromosomes Determine Gender
Sex Chromosomes Determine Gender
In animal species, the autosomes, or nonsex chromosomes, are the same between the sexes. The members of each pair of autosomes are homologous. One special pair of chromosomes is called the sex chromosomes because this pair determines the sex of the individual. The sex chromosomes in the human female are XX and those in the male are XY. Because human males can produce two different types of gametes—those that contain an X and those that contain a Y—normally males determine the sex of the new individual.
In animal species, the autosomes, or nonsex chromosomes, are the same between the sexes. The members of each pair of autosomes are homologous. One special pair of chromosomes is called the sex chromosomes because this pair determines the sex of the individual. The sex chromosomes in the human female are XX and those in the male are XY. Because human males can produce two different types of gametes—those that contain an X and those that contain a Y—normally males determine the sex of the new individual.
Morning thoughts
"To anyone that ever told you you're no good ... They're no
better." --Hayley Williams
segunda-feira, 26 de junho de 2017
domingo, 25 de junho de 2017
Whitney Houston - "I Will Always Love You"
If I should stay
I would only be in your way
So I'll go but I know
I'll think of you every step of the way
And I will always love you
Will always love you
You
My darling, you
Bittersweet memories
That is all I'm taking with me
So good-bye
Please don't cry
We both know I'm not what you, you need
And I will always love you
I will always love you
I hope life treats you kind
And I hope you have
All you've dreamed of
And I wish you joy and happiness
But above all this I wish you love
And I will always love you
I will always love you
I will always love you
I will always love you
I will always love you
I, I will always love you
You
Darling, I love you
I'll always
I'll always love you
I would only be in your way
So I'll go but I know
I'll think of you every step of the way
And I will always love you
Will always love you
You
My darling, you
Bittersweet memories
That is all I'm taking with me
So good-bye
Please don't cry
We both know I'm not what you, you need
And I will always love you
I will always love you
I hope life treats you kind
And I hope you have
All you've dreamed of
And I wish you joy and happiness
But above all this I wish you love
And I will always love you
I will always love you
I will always love you
I will always love you
I will always love you
I, I will always love you
You
Darling, I love you
I'll always
I'll always love you
Cher - "If I Could Turn Back Time"
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
And you'd stay
I don't know why I did the things I did
I don't know why I said the things I said
Love's like a knife it can cut deep inside
Words are like weapons, they wound sometimes
I didn't really mean to hurt you
I didn't wanna see you go
I know I made you cry, but baby..
chorus:
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
And you'd stay
If I could reach the stars
I'd give em all to you
And you'd love me, love me, like you used to do
If I could turn back time
My world was shattered, I was torn apart
Like someone took a knife
and drove it deep in my heart
You walked out that door
I swear that I didn't care
But I lost everything darlin then and there
Too strong to tell you I was sorry
Too proud to tell you I was wrong
I know I was blind, but darlin...
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
and you'd stay
If I could reach the stars
I'd give'em all to you
and you'd love me, love me, like you used to do
Ahhh...
If I could turn back time...
If I could turn back time...
If I could turn back time...
Ahhh baby...
I didn't really mean to hurt you
I didn't wanna see you go
I know I made you cry, but oh
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
If I could reach the stars
I'd give'em all to you
and you'd love me, love me, like you used to do
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
and maybe, maybe, maybe you'd stay
If I could reach the stars
I'd give'em all to you
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
And you'd stay
I don't know why I did the things I did
I don't know why I said the things I said
Love's like a knife it can cut deep inside
Words are like weapons, they wound sometimes
I didn't really mean to hurt you
I didn't wanna see you go
I know I made you cry, but baby..
chorus:
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
And you'd stay
If I could reach the stars
I'd give em all to you
And you'd love me, love me, like you used to do
If I could turn back time
My world was shattered, I was torn apart
Like someone took a knife
and drove it deep in my heart
You walked out that door
I swear that I didn't care
But I lost everything darlin then and there
Too strong to tell you I was sorry
Too proud to tell you I was wrong
I know I was blind, but darlin...
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
and you'd stay
If I could reach the stars
I'd give'em all to you
and you'd love me, love me, like you used to do
Ahhh...
If I could turn back time...
If I could turn back time...
If I could turn back time...
Ahhh baby...
I didn't really mean to hurt you
I didn't wanna see you go
I know I made you cry, but oh
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
I'd take back those words that've hurt you
If I could reach the stars
I'd give'em all to you
and you'd love me, love me, like you used to do
If I could turn back time
If I could find a way
and maybe, maybe, maybe you'd stay
If I could reach the stars
I'd give'em all to you
Two Laws of Thermodynamics
Two Laws of Thermodynamics
Early researchers who first studied energy and its relationships and exchanges formulated two laws of thermo-dynamics.
The first law, also called the "law of conservation of energy," says that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another. Think of the conversions that occur when coal is used to power a locomotive. First, the chemical energy of coal is converted
to heat energy and then heat energy is converted to ki- netic energy in a steam engine. Similarly, the potential
energy of coal or gas is converted to electrical energy by power plants. Do energy transformations occur in the human body? As an example, consider that the chemical energy in the food we eat is changed to the chemical energy of ATP, and then this form of potential energy is converted to the mechanical energy of muscle contraction.
The second law of thermodynamics says that energy cannot be changed from one form to another zvithout a loss of us-
able energy. Only about 25% of the chemical energy of gasoline is converted to the motion of a car; the rest is lost as heat. Heat, of course, is a form of energy, but heat
is the most random form of energy and quickly dissipates into the environment. Or as we have already mentioned, when muscles convert the chemical energy within
ATP to the mechanical energy of contraction, some of this energy becomes heat right away. With conversion
upon conversion, eventually all usable forms of energy become heat that is lost to the environment. And because heat dissipates, it can never be converted back to a form of potential energy.
Early researchers who first studied energy and its relationships and exchanges formulated two laws of thermo-dynamics.
The first law, also called the "law of conservation of energy," says that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another. Think of the conversions that occur when coal is used to power a locomotive. First, the chemical energy of coal is converted
to heat energy and then heat energy is converted to ki- netic energy in a steam engine. Similarly, the potential
energy of coal or gas is converted to electrical energy by power plants. Do energy transformations occur in the human body? As an example, consider that the chemical energy in the food we eat is changed to the chemical energy of ATP, and then this form of potential energy is converted to the mechanical energy of muscle contraction.
The second law of thermodynamics says that energy cannot be changed from one form to another zvithout a loss of us-
able energy. Only about 25% of the chemical energy of gasoline is converted to the motion of a car; the rest is lost as heat. Heat, of course, is a form of energy, but heat
is the most random form of energy and quickly dissipates into the environment. Or as we have already mentioned, when muscles convert the chemical energy within
ATP to the mechanical energy of contraction, some of this energy becomes heat right away. With conversion
upon conversion, eventually all usable forms of energy become heat that is lost to the environment. And because heat dissipates, it can never be converted back to a form of potential energy.
Energy
Energy
Living things can't grow, reproduce, or exhibit any of the characteristics of life without a ready supply of energy.
Energy, which is the capacity to do work, occurs in many forms: light energy comes from the sun; electrical energy powers kitchen appliances; and heat energy warms our houses. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy. Thrown baseballs, falling water, and contracting muscles have kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy. Water behind a dam, or a rock at the top of a hill, or ATP, has potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy. The energy of a chemical is in the interactions of atoms, one to the other, in the molecule.
Not only do chemicals have potential energy, they also have varying amounts of potential energy. Glucose has much more energy than its breakdown products, carbon dioxide and water.
Living things can't grow, reproduce, or exhibit any of the characteristics of life without a ready supply of energy.
Energy, which is the capacity to do work, occurs in many forms: light energy comes from the sun; electrical energy powers kitchen appliances; and heat energy warms our houses. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy. Thrown baseballs, falling water, and contracting muscles have kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy. Water behind a dam, or a rock at the top of a hill, or ATP, has potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy. The energy of a chemical is in the interactions of atoms, one to the other, in the molecule.
Not only do chemicals have potential energy, they also have varying amounts of potential energy. Glucose has much more energy than its breakdown products, carbon dioxide and water.
How Genes Are Expressed
How Genes Are Expressed
RNA differs from DNA in these ways:
(1) the pentose sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose;
(2) the base uracil replaces thymine;
(3) RNA is single stranded.
The central dogma of molecular biology says that (1) DNA is a template for its own replication and also for RNA formation during transcription, and (2) the complementary sequence of nucleotides
in mRNA directs the correct sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide during translation.
sábado, 24 de junho de 2017
What alcohol does at traffic
WHAT ALCOHOL DOES
Alcohol reduces reaction time, reduces your ability to see clearly, changes your judgment of speed and distances, often makes you less inhibited and makes
you more prone to take chances. The important skills you need to drive safely are
made weaker.
Because your vision is normally restricted at night, it is especially dangerous
to drink and drive after dark. Alcohol also reduces your ability to recover from the
glare of headlights. When another vehicle moves toward you, you can be blinded by
its headlights for a long period of time.
You do not have to look or feel intoxicated for these things to occur. The symptoms of alcohol consumption can begin long before you become intoxicated or even legally impaired and begin with the first drink.
As alcohol physically limits your ability to drive, it also makes you less aware of
what is happening to your safe driving abilities. It becomes difficult for you to judge your condition. You can gain confidence about driving, when you should not be driving at all.
During each mile you drive, you make hundreds of decisions. Your decisions
turn into actions that keep your vehicle controlled and ensure you avoid crashes.
Alcohol makes it difficult to make correct decisions and to take the safest actions.
For example: You have just stopped at a STOP sign. You see another vehicle
approaching the intersection. You must quickly make a decision whether it is safe to
go through the intersection. Under the influence of alcohol, you are more likely to
make a wrong decision and “take a chance.” Your slower reaction time, and the bad
decision, could cause a crash.
Alcohol reduces reaction time, reduces your ability to see clearly, changes your judgment of speed and distances, often makes you less inhibited and makes
you more prone to take chances. The important skills you need to drive safely are
made weaker.
Because your vision is normally restricted at night, it is especially dangerous
to drink and drive after dark. Alcohol also reduces your ability to recover from the
glare of headlights. When another vehicle moves toward you, you can be blinded by
its headlights for a long period of time.
You do not have to look or feel intoxicated for these things to occur. The symptoms of alcohol consumption can begin long before you become intoxicated or even legally impaired and begin with the first drink.
As alcohol physically limits your ability to drive, it also makes you less aware of
what is happening to your safe driving abilities. It becomes difficult for you to judge your condition. You can gain confidence about driving, when you should not be driving at all.
During each mile you drive, you make hundreds of decisions. Your decisions
turn into actions that keep your vehicle controlled and ensure you avoid crashes.
Alcohol makes it difficult to make correct decisions and to take the safest actions.
For example: You have just stopped at a STOP sign. You see another vehicle
approaching the intersection. You must quickly make a decision whether it is safe to
go through the intersection. Under the influence of alcohol, you are more likely to
make a wrong decision and “take a chance.” Your slower reaction time, and the bad
decision, could cause a crash.
Morning thoughts
"Once you realize how valuable you are, you will find it hard to keep the company of those who do not."
sexta-feira, 23 de junho de 2017
Traffic: BEING PASSED
BEING PASSED
If another vehicle passes you on the left, decrease speed slightly and keep to the right. When the vehicle has safely passed and is ahead of you, continue your normal speed.
If you find that you are being passed on the right by many vehicles, you should
move into the right lane and allow them to pass you on the left.
If another vehicle passes you on the left, decrease speed slightly and keep to the right. When the vehicle has safely passed and is ahead of you, continue your normal speed.
If you find that you are being passed on the right by many vehicles, you should
move into the right lane and allow them to pass you on the left.
Traffic: HOW TO PASS ON THE RIGHT
HOW TO PASS ON THE RIGHT
You can normally pass other vehicles on the left, some situations allow you to pass on the right. You can pass a vehicle on the right only in the conditions listed below and only if you can pass safely. You can not drive on or across the shoulder or edge line of the road unless a sign allows it or when indicated by a traffic officer. You can pass on the right:
When a vehicle ahead makes a left turn.
When you are on a two-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is wide enough for two or more lanes in each direction, to pass is not prohibited by signs or restricted by parked cars or other obstructions.
When you drive on a one-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is
wide enough for two or more lanes, and to pass is not prohibited by signs or
restricted by parked cars or other obstructions.
If you prepare to pass on the right at an intersection, check the traffic ahead
carefully. Make sure a vehicle that is approaching is not prepared to turn left into your path, and watch at the right side of the road for pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters and moped riders.
Before you pass on the right on multi-lane roads like expressways, make sure you check your mirrors, use the correct signals for the lane change and look over your right shoulder for other vehicles. After you pass, make sure to quickly look over your left shoulder and signal before you return to the left lane.
You can normally pass other vehicles on the left, some situations allow you to pass on the right. You can pass a vehicle on the right only in the conditions listed below and only if you can pass safely. You can not drive on or across the shoulder or edge line of the road unless a sign allows it or when indicated by a traffic officer. You can pass on the right:
When a vehicle ahead makes a left turn.
When you are on a two-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is wide enough for two or more lanes in each direction, to pass is not prohibited by signs or restricted by parked cars or other obstructions.
When you drive on a one-way road that is marked for two or more lanes or is
wide enough for two or more lanes, and to pass is not prohibited by signs or
restricted by parked cars or other obstructions.
If you prepare to pass on the right at an intersection, check the traffic ahead
carefully. Make sure a vehicle that is approaching is not prepared to turn left into your path, and watch at the right side of the road for pedestrians, bicyclists, in-line skaters and moped riders.
Before you pass on the right on multi-lane roads like expressways, make sure you check your mirrors, use the correct signals for the lane change and look over your right shoulder for other vehicles. After you pass, make sure to quickly look over your left shoulder and signal before you return to the left lane.
Traffic: HOW TO PASS ON THE LEFT
HOW TO PASS ON THE LEFT
The left lane is normally used to pass other vehicles. You can not pass a vehicle
on the left if:
Your lane has a solid yellow center line.
You can not safely return to the right lane before you reach a solid yellow center line for the right lane.
You can not safely return to the right lane before any oncoming vehicle comes within 200 feet (60 m) of you.
You approach a curve or the top of a hill on a two-way road and can not see around or over it.
You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a railroad crossing on a two-way roadway.
You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a bridge, tunnel or viaduct on a two-way road and your view is obstructed.
If you try to pass, you will interfere with oncoming traffic.
If conditions are correct to pass, check in your mirrors and signal your lane change. Before you pull into the left lane, look quickly over your left shoulder, through the back side window, to make sure there is no vehicle close behind you in the left lane. Never depend on your mirrors when you prepare to change lanes. Even correctly adjusted mirrors will leave “blind spots” behind both sides of your vehicle.
If a vehicle is in the blind spot, you may not see it in your mirrors. Always quickly
look over your shoulder before you change lanes or pass.
When you pass, move completely into the left lane. Before you return to the
right lane, signal and look at your interior rear-view mirror and make sure you can
see the front bumper of the vehicle you passed. Look quickly over your right
shoulder to make sure that you can see at least several feet of pavement between
your vehicle and the one you passed. Then return to the right lane.
The left lane is normally used to pass other vehicles. You can not pass a vehicle
on the left if:
Your lane has a solid yellow center line.
You can not safely return to the right lane before you reach a solid yellow center line for the right lane.
You can not safely return to the right lane before any oncoming vehicle comes within 200 feet (60 m) of you.
You approach a curve or the top of a hill on a two-way road and can not see around or over it.
You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a railroad crossing on a two-way roadway.
You are within 100 feet (30 m) of a bridge, tunnel or viaduct on a two-way road and your view is obstructed.
If you try to pass, you will interfere with oncoming traffic.
If conditions are correct to pass, check in your mirrors and signal your lane change. Before you pull into the left lane, look quickly over your left shoulder, through the back side window, to make sure there is no vehicle close behind you in the left lane. Never depend on your mirrors when you prepare to change lanes. Even correctly adjusted mirrors will leave “blind spots” behind both sides of your vehicle.
If a vehicle is in the blind spot, you may not see it in your mirrors. Always quickly
look over your shoulder before you change lanes or pass.
When you pass, move completely into the left lane. Before you return to the
right lane, signal and look at your interior rear-view mirror and make sure you can
see the front bumper of the vehicle you passed. Look quickly over your right
shoulder to make sure that you can see at least several feet of pavement between
your vehicle and the one you passed. Then return to the right lane.
quinta-feira, 22 de junho de 2017
Traffic's speed (United States)
You must obey the speed limit. If no limit is posted, drive no more than 55 mph
(88 km/h). Often, it is common sense to keep your actual speed below the posted limit.
For example, the legal limit on a slippery or fogged-in expressway might be 55 mph
(88 km/h), or even 65 mph (100 km/h), but the safe speed to drive would be much
lower. Even if you were to drive at 50 mph (80 km/h) on that hazardous highway, a
police officer could ticket you for a speed “not reasonable” for the conditions.
To keep a smooth traffic flow, some highways also have minimum speed limits.
If you drive slower than the minimum speed you can halt the traffic flow and create a dangerous condition. Even if there is no minimum speed limit, those driving too slow can be as dangerous as those who drive too fast.
Know that some cities have speed limits less than 55 mph (88 km/h) that is not always posted. For example, the speed limit is 25 mph (48 km/h) in New York City unless another limit is posted.
(88 km/h). Often, it is common sense to keep your actual speed below the posted limit.
For example, the legal limit on a slippery or fogged-in expressway might be 55 mph
(88 km/h), or even 65 mph (100 km/h), but the safe speed to drive would be much
lower. Even if you were to drive at 50 mph (80 km/h) on that hazardous highway, a
police officer could ticket you for a speed “not reasonable” for the conditions.
To keep a smooth traffic flow, some highways also have minimum speed limits.
If you drive slower than the minimum speed you can halt the traffic flow and create a dangerous condition. Even if there is no minimum speed limit, those driving too slow can be as dangerous as those who drive too fast.
Know that some cities have speed limits less than 55 mph (88 km/h) that is not always posted. For example, the speed limit is 25 mph (48 km/h) in New York City unless another limit is posted.
Road rage can include:
- Shouts, excessive use of a horn or obscene gestures and threats.
- Driving actions like when you cut off another vehicle, drive too closely, block another vehicle so it can not use a traffic lane, chase another vehicle or run it off the road, deliberately slam into a vehicle.
- When you stop a vehicle at the side of the road, get out to threaten, attack, fight or injure another motorist or passenger or a pedestrian, bicyclist or other person.
Research indicates that being in a state of rage can affect your blood pressure and your ability to reason and make decisions. As a driver, you will make more errors. The chance of being involved in a traffic crash will increase.
Aggressive driving and road rage can lead to revoked or suspended driver licenses, problems between family members and friends, loss of employment and legal problems.
Many drivers do not recognize when their own aggressive driving or road rage is affecting their ability to drive safely. State law requires every DMV-approved
accident prevention course to address the hazards and dangers of road rage. For
information about DMV-approved accident prevention courses, see the publication
Point & Insurance Reduction Program (C-32A), available from the DMV Internet
Office. You can also contact one of the program sponsors. Information available at
any state or county motor vehicle office.
What is “road rage”?
Road rage is an angry, hostile state, which increases into violent criminal actions or attempts of violent action that result from the operation of a motor vehicle. Road rage can include behavior to provoke others or to make them fearful.
Aggressive driving is not road rage. However, aggressive driving can become
road rage. Aggressive driving generally involves the violation of a traffic safety law,
while road rage involves the breaking of a criminal law.
Who can become road raged? It could happen to anyone when our irritation or
anger with others leads us to behavior that is a threat to others. We become a threat
to ourselves and to the safety and lives of others on and near the road or highways.
To endanger, threaten or assault another person are illegal. They can result in severe
penalties that include fines, imprisonment and court-ordered probation. They can
also mean revocation and suspension of a driver license.
Aggressive driving is not road rage. However, aggressive driving can become
road rage. Aggressive driving generally involves the violation of a traffic safety law,
while road rage involves the breaking of a criminal law.
Who can become road raged? It could happen to anyone when our irritation or
anger with others leads us to behavior that is a threat to others. We become a threat
to ourselves and to the safety and lives of others on and near the road or highways.
To endanger, threaten or assault another person are illegal. They can result in severe
penalties that include fines, imprisonment and court-ordered probation. They can
also mean revocation and suspension of a driver license.
8 steps To avoid becoming an aggressive driver
To avoid becoming an aggressive driver:
If you have the right-of-way, do not think of it as a complete right. Be prepared
to yield the right-of-way to other highway users. To wait a few seconds for another
driver is far better than to risk a crash.
- Allow enough travel time to reach your destination on schedule.
- Adjust your schedule to prevent driving during times with the most highway traffic
- If you are late, call ahead so you can relax.
- Do not drive when you are angry, upset or very tired.
- Make your vehicle comfortable. Listen to relaxing music and prevent conditions that make you anxious.
- When you drive, relax and be aware of how you sit. Sit back in your seat, loosen your hold on the steering wheel and do not grind your teeth.
- Be polite, courteous and forgiving to other drivers.
- You can control how you react. If another person drives aggressively, do not do the same.
If you have the right-of-way, do not think of it as a complete right. Be prepared
to yield the right-of-way to other highway users. To wait a few seconds for another
driver is far better than to risk a crash.
When an aggressive driver confronts you
When an aggressive driver confronts you:
Do not make eye contact.
Remain calm and relaxed.
Try to move away safely.
Do not challenge an aggressive driver with increased speed or try to hold
your position in your travel lane.
Wear a seat belt and encourage your passengers to do the same.
Ignore gestures and shouts and do not return them.
Report aggressive drivers to law enforcement authorities and give a vehicle
description, location, vehicle plate number and direction of travel.
If an aggressive driver is following you, do not stop or get out of your vehicle.
Do not make eye contact.
Remain calm and relaxed.
Try to move away safely.
Do not challenge an aggressive driver with increased speed or try to hold
your position in your travel lane.
Wear a seat belt and encourage your passengers to do the same.
Ignore gestures and shouts and do not return them.
Report aggressive drivers to law enforcement authorities and give a vehicle
description, location, vehicle plate number and direction of travel.
If an aggressive driver is following you, do not stop or get out of your vehicle.
Morning thoughts
"It's a dead-end street if you sit around waiting for someone else
to tell you you're OK." --Michael Pitt
quarta-feira, 21 de junho de 2017
Culture definition
Culture is the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life. Culture includes what we think, how we act, and what we own. Culture is both our link to the past and our guide to the future.
Vocabulary practice
capitalists: people who own
and operate factories and other
businesses in pursuit of profits
proletarians: people who sell their
labor for wages
and operate factories and other
businesses in pursuit of profits
proletarians: people who sell their
labor for wages
Vocabulary practice
politics: the social institution that distributes power, sets a society’s goals, and makes decisions
power: the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
government: a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
authority: power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
traditional authority: power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns
rational-legal authority: power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations; also known as bureaucratic authority
charismatic authority: power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience
routinization of charisma: the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority
power: the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
government: a formal organization that directs the political life of a society
authority: power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
traditional authority: power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns
rational-legal authority: power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations; also known as bureaucratic authority
charismatic authority: power legitimized by extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience
routinization of charisma: the transformation of charismatic authority into some combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority
Family's definition
The family is a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children. Family ties are also called kinship, a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
Morning thoughts
"Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear
is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that
most frightens us. We ask ourselves, 'Who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous,
talented, fabulous?' Actually, who are you not to be?" --Marianne Williamson
terça-feira, 20 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
"Pride is holding your head up when everyone around you has theirs bowed. Courage is what makes you do it." --Bryce Courtenay
segunda-feira, 19 de junho de 2017
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress
Reward yourself.
Give yourself rewards throughout
your preparation for the TOEIC exam. This can make studying less burdensome. Set up realistic rewards for following your study plan and, eventually, for your well-earned test score.
Give yourself rewards throughout
your preparation for the TOEIC exam. This can make studying less burdensome. Set up realistic rewards for following your study plan and, eventually, for your well-earned test score.
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress
Think positively.
Imagine yourself doing well— picture yourself at the exam, calmly answering each question. If you believe you can do it, you will be more likely to achieve your goals.
Imagine yourself doing well— picture yourself at the exam, calmly answering each question. If you believe you can do it, you will be more likely to achieve your goals.
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress
Create realistic goals.
Break up big goals into smaller, easier-to-manage tasks. Instead of telling yourself what you “should” do, do the best you can. Keep things in perspective—the TOEIC exam is an important test, but don’t lose sight of the other important parts of your
life.
Break up big goals into smaller, easier-to-manage tasks. Instead of telling yourself what you “should” do, do the best you can. Keep things in perspective—the TOEIC exam is an important test, but don’t lose sight of the other important parts of your
life.
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress
Be prepared.
New situations can make people
nervous. Find out where the TOEIC exam test center is and plan how you will get there. Organize the materials you will need for the test the night before.
Learn about the format of the exa and what types of questions to expect. If you prepare well, the TOEIC exam will not be new to you.
New situations can make people
nervous. Find out where the TOEIC exam test center is and plan how you will get there. Organize the materials you will need for the test the night before.
Learn about the format of the exa and what types of questions to expect. If you prepare well, the TOEIC exam will not be new to you.
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress
Study.
Review and improve your skills ahead of time and you will feel calm and confident when you walk into the testing room. If you fall behind in your study plan, do not worry—just try to get back on schedule.
Review and improve your skills ahead of time and you will feel calm and confident when you walk into the testing room. If you fall behind in your study plan, do not worry—just try to get back on schedule.
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress.
Eat well and exercise.
Good nutrition and regular exercise are important for your complete health. Stay away from high-sugar, high-calorie, low-nutrition snacks and meals. Instead of donuts, potato chips, or cookies, for example, try low-fat yogurt, fresh-squeezed fruit juice, or carrot sticks. Also, try to fit some exercise into your busy schedule—even a brisk walk can improve your mood, reduce stress, and boost your energy level.
Good nutrition and regular exercise are important for your complete health. Stay away from high-sugar, high-calorie, low-nutrition snacks and meals. Instead of donuts, potato chips, or cookies, for example, try low-fat yogurt, fresh-squeezed fruit juice, or carrot sticks. Also, try to fit some exercise into your busy schedule—even a brisk walk can improve your mood, reduce stress, and boost your energy level.
Boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress.
Get plenty of sleep. Most adults need seven to nine hours of sleep a night. Being deprived of sleep will make you less able to cope with stress, less able to concentrate, and less likely to perform well. If you have
a hard time falling asleep, try these tips:
■ Keep a regular schedule. Go to sleep and get up at
the same time every day.
■ Take a relaxing bath or read a book.
■ Stay away from caffeine after lunchtime (coffee, tea,
cola, and chocolate may contain caffeine).
■ Exercise earlier in the day (at least two to four hours before bedtime). A tired body will need more sleep
a hard time falling asleep, try these tips:
■ Keep a regular schedule. Go to sleep and get up at
the same time every day.
■ Take a relaxing bath or read a book.
■ Stay away from caffeine after lunchtime (coffee, tea,
cola, and chocolate may contain caffeine).
■ Exercise earlier in the day (at least two to four hours before bedtime). A tired body will need more sleep
sábado, 17 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
Morning is a wonderful
opportunity to wish to love to care to smile and to see you in good mood.
quinta-feira, 15 de junho de 2017
terça-feira, 13 de junho de 2017
segunda-feira, 12 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
"Don't be satisfied with stories, how things have gone with others.
Unfold your own myth." --Rumi
domingo, 11 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
The happiest people don’t have the best of
everything, they just make the best of everything.
sábado, 10 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
"If life becomes hard, soften it with random acts of kindness."
ran·dom
(răn′dəm)
adj.
1. Having no specific pattern, purpose, or objective: random movements. See Synonyms at chance.
2. Mathematics & Statistics Of or relating to a type of circumstance or event that is described by a probability distribution.
3. Of or relating to an event in which all outcomes are equally likely, as in the testing of a blood sample for the presence of a substance.
sexta-feira, 9 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
"Confidence comes not from always being right but from not fearing
to be wrong." --Peter T. McIntyre
quinta-feira, 8 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
"You wouldn't worry so
much about what others think of you if you realized how seldom they do."
--Eleanor Roosevelt
terça-feira, 6 de junho de 2017
Morning thoughts
Never complain, never explain. Resist the temptation to defend yourself
or make excuses.
complain
(kəm-plān′)
intr.v. com·plained, com·plain·ing, com·plains
1. To express feelings of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment.
2. To make a formal accusation or bring a formal charge; file a complaint.
segunda-feira, 5 de junho de 2017
The business plan
The key to securing financing is a business plan. A good plan will outline the idea itself, detail any supporting market research, describe operational and marketing activities, and give financial predictions. The plan should also outline a strategy for long-term growth and identify contingencies (alternative ideas or markets) if things do not go as planned.
Most importantly, a good business plan will acknowledge that the biggest reason for business failure is a lack of cash. While loan capital can help for a while, eventually a business must fund its operations from revenue. A good business plan will analyze future cash flows and identify any
potential shortfalls.
Beating the odds at start-up is defined by the tenacity to take an idea to market, the ability to secure sufficient finance, and the business acumen to turn a good plan into a
long-term, profitable enterprise.
Most importantly, a good business plan will acknowledge that the biggest reason for business failure is a lack of cash. While loan capital can help for a while, eventually a business must fund its operations from revenue. A good business plan will analyze future cash flows and identify any
potential shortfalls.
Beating the odds at start-up is defined by the tenacity to take an idea to market, the ability to secure sufficient finance, and the business acumen to turn a good plan into a
long-term, profitable enterprise.
Morning thoughts
"Wouldn't it be powerful if you fell in love with yourself so
deeply that you would do just about anything if you knew it would make you
happy? This is precisely how much life loves you and wants you to nurture
yourself. The deeper you love yourself, the more the universe will affirm your
worth. Then you can enjoy a lifelong love affair that brings you the richest
fulfillment from inside out." --Alan Cohen
sábado, 3 de junho de 2017
Developing problem-solving skills
What’s your gut feeling?
Some studies show that following your intuition and making a decision based on instinct can often be the best decision, as it is based on our own innate wisdom. It’s especially useful when you don’t have
time to do the research and weigh up all the pros and cons.
A hunch, a whim, or a strange urge could all be giving us helpful, “higher level” messages. And the more we honor the messages we are getting, the more we can develop our intuition and the more we
can deliberately tune in to it.
Some studies show that following your intuition and making a decision based on instinct can often be the best decision, as it is based on our own innate wisdom. It’s especially useful when you don’t have
time to do the research and weigh up all the pros and cons.
A hunch, a whim, or a strange urge could all be giving us helpful, “higher level” messages. And the more we honor the messages we are getting, the more we can develop our intuition and the more we
can deliberately tune in to it.
sexta-feira, 2 de junho de 2017
2017!
Don't let anyone push you around in 2017.
This is your year.
You are going to do great things.
You are going to stop feeling guilty.
You are going to stop sacrificing your happiness and goals to others.
Instead you are going to go out and do the things you've always wanted to do while your doubters sit on the sidelines and say " I can believe it!"
This is your year.
You are going to do great things.
You are going to stop feeling guilty.
You are going to stop sacrificing your happiness and goals to others.
Instead you are going to go out and do the things you've always wanted to do while your doubters sit on the sidelines and say " I can believe it!"
Developing problem-solving skills
Advice from others
If you have taken advice from others, you will probably find that some aspects are suitable and some aspects are not. Work out which parts of it you identify with and feel you can benefit from.
If you have taken advice from others, you will probably find that some aspects are suitable and some aspects are not. Work out which parts of it you identify with and feel you can benefit from.
suit·a·ble
(so͞o′tə-bəl)
adj.
Appropriate to a purpose or an occasion.
Morning thoughts
"I've finally stopped running away from myself. Who else is there
better to be?" --Goldie Hawn
quinta-feira, 1 de junho de 2017
Developing problem-solving skills
Imagine someone asking you . . . (2)
In situations where problem-solving is proving challenging, instead of focusing on what you can’t do, imagine instead someone asking you why you can do it. The operative word is “why,” and your
response should begin with “Because . . .” This again moves the brain into a different mode of thinking.
For example:
“I don’t know who to ask for advice.”
“Why are you good at knowing who to ask for advice?”
“Because . . .”
In situations where problem-solving is proving challenging, instead of focusing on what you can’t do, imagine instead someone asking you why you can do it. The operative word is “why,” and your
response should begin with “Because . . .” This again moves the brain into a different mode of thinking.
For example:
“I don’t know who to ask for advice.”
“Why are you good at knowing who to ask for advice?”
“Because . . .”
Developing problem-solving skills
Address emotions
If the problem is causing you to feel emotional, take steps to address the emotions; move away from the problem and allow the feelings to subside. Then look for strategies to deal with the emotions. Being in a highly emotional state will lead to less-effective choices.
Coming from a state of calmness will lead to more effective decisions. It will allow you to listen to your gut feeling, if that is what you want, and will allow for clearer thinking.
If the problem is causing you to feel emotional, take steps to address the emotions; move away from the problem and allow the feelings to subside. Then look for strategies to deal with the emotions. Being in a highly emotional state will lead to less-effective choices.
Coming from a state of calmness will lead to more effective decisions. It will allow you to listen to your gut feeling, if that is what you want, and will allow for clearer thinking.
Developing problem-solving skills
Imagine someone asking you . . . (1)
If you are facing a problem or issue and are unsure of the next step, imagine saying to someone, “I don’t know what to do” and they reply, “Well if you did know what to do, what would you do?” This moves the brain into a different mode of thinking.
If you are facing a problem or issue and are unsure of the next step, imagine saying to someone, “I don’t know what to do” and they reply, “Well if you did know what to do, what would you do?” This moves the brain into a different mode of thinking.
Developing problem-solving skills
Apps
There are numerous apps for problem-solving, creativity, and creative thinking. They can help you generate ideas, organize them, reshape and finish them, and more.
There are numerous apps for problem-solving, creativity, and creative thinking. They can help you generate ideas, organize them, reshape and finish them, and more.
Developing problem-solving skills
Work out an interesting solution . . .
. . . and then make the problem fit the solution. For example, you might decide the solution is “42,” or “a week on Tuesday,” or “Chicago,” or “a bag of apples.” How do you then get from the problem to that solution?
. . . and then make the problem fit the solution. For example, you might decide the solution is “42,” or “a week on Tuesday,” or “Chicago,” or “a bag of apples.” How do you then get from the problem to that solution?
Developing problem-solving skills
Discuss the problem in a different environment
Instead of the usual sitting round a table, you will most likely think differently if you change the environment. Can people sit under the table; sit with their backs to one another; sit in the dark; sit or stand under a tree; sit in the car overlooking the sea; sit on cushions in a circle . . . ?
Instead of the usual sitting round a table, you will most likely think differently if you change the environment. Can people sit under the table; sit with their backs to one another; sit in the dark; sit or stand under a tree; sit in the car overlooking the sea; sit on cushions in a circle . . . ?
Developing problem-solving skills
Give yourself boundaries
When people have too much freedom to mull over an issue it can be difficult to narrow things down, so set parameters to allow for focus.
For example, give yourself a time limit of ten minutes to brainstorm; or think of eight ways to de-clutter; or write down possible solutions on a 6" by 6" piece of paper; or only look at one very small part of the issue.
When people have too much freedom to mull over an issue it can be difficult to narrow things down, so set parameters to allow for focus.
For example, give yourself a time limit of ten minutes to brainstorm; or think of eight ways to de-clutter; or write down possible solutions on a 6" by 6" piece of paper; or only look at one very small part of the issue.
Developing problem-solving skills
What’s the size of the problem?
Alternatively, for minor decisions, you could take the time to weigh up all the pros and cons. For large, life-changing decisions, let the answer come from deep within yourself.
Alternatively, for minor decisions, you could take the time to weigh up all the pros and cons. For large, life-changing decisions, let the answer come from deep within yourself.
Developing problem-solving skills
Write a longer poem of your problem
If a haiku is too short for you to express the issue, write a longer poem either in rhyming or free verse.
If a haiku is too short for you to express the issue, write a longer poem either in rhyming or free verse.
Morning thoughts
"Confidence is a habit that can be developed by acting as if you
already had the confidence you desire to have." --Brian Tracy
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